Almost all inexpensive commercial LED flashlights use a 4.5V power supply—three AA or AAA batteries—because white LEDs require 3.3 to 3.5V to fully turn on. Thus ...

This LED DC voltage indicator circuit is a voltmeter, rather than simply a battery tester. As such it may measure voltages as low as 3V. It utilizes venerable LM741 operational amplifiers applied as ...