Figure 4. A snapshot, in time, of two complex numbers whose exponents, and thus their phase angles, change with time. The notion of negative frequency is often troubling to engineers who've spent so ...

There are several ways to evaluate the bandwidth of a signal in the time domain and frequency domain. Previously we looked at the classic relationship of rise time (t r) and bandwidth (f 3db) [Ref 1], ...

No doubt one of the most revolutionary tools for the RF side of broadcasting was the advent of the network analyzer. Prior to its invention, measuring the response of an antenna system was more or ...

Modern oscilloscopes capture, view, measure, and analyze complex RF signals in the time, frequency, and modulation domains. Time-domain analysis, the original oscilloscope function, allows users to ...