Learn what analysis of variance (ANOVA) is, how it works, and when to use it. See how it helps compare means across multiple data groups in statistics and research.

Modern portfolio theory is designed to optimize return for a given level of variance across a spectrum of investment opportunities. The ability to monitor and optimize a portfolio gives rise to the ...

Volatility refers to the degree of variation in the price or value of an asset, security, or market over a specific period, typically measured by the standard deviation or variance of returns. It ...

It’s common to discuss investment returns from the perspective of averages. It is often a convenient way to look at things. However, when it comes to investing, that can mislead and deliver unexpected ...

Stochastic dominance has long been a fundamental tool in financial decision‐making, providing a robust non-parametric framework to compare different probability distributions of asset returns. By ...

There is strong evidence of a negative cross-sectional relationship between realized skewness and future stock returns - stocks with negative skewness are compensated with high future returns for ...